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- <text id=91TT1309>
- <title>
- June 17, 1991: The Aftermath, Freedom Is the Best Revenge
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1991
- June 17, 1991 The Gift Of Life
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- NATION, Page 24
- THE AFTERMATH
- Freedom Is the Best Revenge
- </hdr><body>
- <p> What has been learned from a decade of terrorism and hostage
- taking? Waiting is the best policy, and events, more than people,
- make the difference.
- </p>
- <p>By BRUCE W. NELAN--Reported by William Dowell/Cairo and J.F.O.
- McAllister/Washington
- </p>
- <p> Although the American hostages were innocent bystanders
- in the Middle East, their agonizing captivity became the
- nation's ordeal. They were kidnapped only because they were
- Americans, men who represented what Iran and its Shi`ite
- proteges called "the Great Satan," and their fate became an
- issue for all Americans, especially for three U.S. Presidents.
- </p>
- <p> No one knew how to set them free. Jimmy Carter publicly
- displayed his anguish about the Americans seized in the U.S.
- embassy in Tehran in 1979, and his failure to get them out
- helped make him a one-term President. Ronald Reagan tried to
- strike secret deals with so-called moderates in Iran to free the
- captives in Lebanon and almost wrecked his presidency. George
- Bush throttled back on public expressions of concern but
- encouraged diplomatic pressure on the sponsors of state
- terrorism in the Middle East. The U.S., he insisted, would make
- no deals for hostages. But he was willing to let U.N. officials
- and Israel arrange swaps with the kidnappers, and he did make
- small concessions, like returning some Iranian funds, to improve
- the climate.
- </p>
- <p> That turned out to be the right, or at least the
- successful, policy. But it is difficult to see that any U.S.
- initiatives on the hostages' behalf actually forced their
- release. In the end, the faceless Shi`ite kidnappers under the
- Hizballah umbrella in Lebanon were simply overtaken by events.
- The world around them changed so dramatically that Iran and
- Syria, their main supporters, no longer found them or their
- captives useful. Some of the lessons gleaned from years of
- terrorism and hostage taking:
- </p>
- <p> The forces at play were beyond American control. The surge
- of Islamic fundamentalism that carried the Ayatullah Ruhollah
- Khomeini to power struck a resonant chord with Shi`ite
- organizations in Lebanon. So did the Iranian mobs that stormed
- into the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 hostages for 444
- days.
- </p>
- <p> Israel's invasion and subsequent occupation of the
- self-proclaimed security zone nine miles deep into Lebanese
- territory uprooted Shi`ite towns and sparked the creation of
- Hizballah, the radical Party of God, built up with Iranian
- advisers and money. Its proclaimed mission: to drive the
- Israelis and their Lebanese auxiliaries of the South Lebanon
- Army out of the country. The U.S. became a target when it moved
- Marines into Lebanon to support the Israeli-backed Christian
- government in Beirut, reinforcing Hizballah's belief that
- Israel's strength came from the aid and political support the
- Jewish state got from America. Said one of Terry Anderson's
- Islamic Jihad captors only two months ago: "The Israeli invasion
- was financed by America, which also supplied the weapons."
- </p>
- <p> The next step was obvious. Hostage taking had proved
- spectacularly successful in getting U.S. attention in Iran, and
- it was an age-old Lebanese tradition that became even more
- popular when sectarian civil war broke out in 1975.
- </p>
- <p> Kidnapping Westerners--not just Americans were in peril
- </p>
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
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